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A work of art created by artificial intelligence without any human input cannot be copyrighted under United States law, a U.S. court in Washington, D.C., has ruled.
Only works with human authors can receive copyrights, U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell said on Friday, affirming the U.S. Copyright Office’s rejection of an application filed by computer scientist Stephen Thaler on behalf of his DABUS system.
The Friday decision follows losses for Thaler on bids for U.S. patents covering inventions he said were created by DABUS, short for Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience.
Thaler has also applied for DABUS-generated patents in other countries including the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and Saudi Arabia with limited success.
Thaler’s attorney Ryan Abbott said on Monday that he and his client strongly disagree with the decision and will appeal. The Copyright Office did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Monday.
The fast-growing field of generative AI has raised novel intellectual property issues. The Copyright Office has also rejected an artist’s bid for copyrights on images generated through the AI system Midjourney, despite the artist’s argument that the system was part of their creative process.
Several pending lawsuits have also been filed over the use of copyrighted works to train generative AI without permission.
“We are approaching new frontiers in copyright as artists put AI in their toolbox,” which will raise “challenging questions” for copyright law, Howell wrote on Friday.
“This case, however, is not nearly so complex,” Howell said.
Thaler applied in 2018 for a copyright covering “A Recent Entrance to Paradise,” a piece of visual art that he said was created by his AI system without any human input. The office rejected the application last year and said creative works must have human authors to be copyrightable.
Thaler challenged the decision in federal court, arguing that human authorship is not a concrete legal requirement and allowing AI copyrights would be in line with copyright’s purpose as outlined in the U.S. constitution to “promote the progress of science and useful arts.”
Howell agreed with the Copyright Office and said human authorship is a “bedrock requirement of copyright” based on “centuries of settled understanding.”
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